# Polkadot Lauch Phased

The Polkadot network has a phased roll-out plan, with important milestones toward decentralization marking each phase. Keep up-to-date with the Polkadot's phased roll-out plan at by viewing the [roadmap](https://polkadot.network/launch-roadmap/)

**Current Phase: Parachain Rollout**

### The PoA Launch[​](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-launch#the-poa-launch) <a href="#the-poa-launch" id="the-poa-launch"></a>

The Genesis block of the Polkadot network was launched on May 26, 2020, as a Proof of Authority (PoA) network. Governance was restricted to the single Sudo (super-user) key, which was held by Web3 Foundation to issue the commands and upgrades necessary to complete the launch process. During this time, validators started joining the network and signaling their intention to participate in consensus.

### Nominated Proof of Stake[​](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-launch#nominated-proof-of-stake) <a href="#nominated-proof-of-stake" id="nominated-proof-of-stake"></a>

Once Web3 Foundation was confident in the stability of the network and there was a sufficient number of validator intentions, Web3 Foundation used [Sudo](https://youtu.be/InekMjJpVdo) — a superuser account with access to governance functions — to initiate the first validator election. Following this election, the network transitioned from PoA into its second phase, [Nominated Proof of Stake (NPoS)](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-staking), on June 18, 2020.

### Governance[​](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-launch#governance) <a href="#governance" id="governance"></a>

After the chain had been running well with the validator set, the Sudo key issued a runtime upgrade that enabled the suite of governance modules in Polkadot; namely, the modules to enable a [Council](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-governance#council), a [Technical Committee](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-governance#technical-committee), and [public referenda](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-governance#public-referenda).

### Removal of Sudo[​](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-launch#removal-of-sudo) <a href="#removal-of-sudo" id="removal-of-sudo"></a>

The Sudo module was removed by a runtime upgrade on July 20, 2020, transitioning the [governance](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-governance) of the chain into the hands of the token (DOT) holders.

From this point, the network has been entirely in the hands of the token holders and is no longer under control of any centralized authority.

### Balance Transfers[​](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-launch#balance-transfers) <a href="#balance-transfers" id="balance-transfers"></a>

To enable balance transfers, the community [made a public proposal](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/maintain-guides-democracy) for a runtime upgrade that lifted the restriction on balance transfers. Transfer functionality was subsequently enabled on Polkadot at block number 1\_205\_128 on August 18, 2020, at 16:39 UTC.

### Redenomination[​](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-launch#redenomination) <a href="#redenomination" id="redenomination"></a>

On August 21, 2020, [redenomination](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/redenomination) of DOT, the native token on Polkadot, occurred. From this date, one DOT (old) equals 100 new DOT.

### Core Functionality[​](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-launch#core-functionality) <a href="#core-functionality" id="core-functionality"></a>

After 5 years of research and development, and a multi-stage launch that began in May of 2020, Polkadot launch is completed on December 18, 2021, with all auction-winning parachains producing blocks on the network.

Check out these resources for further information:

* [Polkadot Network blog](https://polkadot.network/blog/parachains-are-live-polkadot-launch-is-now-complete/).
* [Polkadot A to Z: L for Polkadot Launch](https://www.reddit.com/r/Polkadot/comments/s3yb3d/l_for_polkadot_launch_polkadot_a_to_z/).

### Polkadot 2.0[​](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-launch#polkadot-20) <a href="#polkadot-20" id="polkadot-20"></a>

Researchers are in the midst of research for the next version of the Polkadot network. With many questions yet to be answered, as of now, some big areas of research will be in:

* Economics and Networking (Zero-Knowledge): How will scalability work in Polkadot 2.0?
* Horizontal vs. Vertical scalability: What is the breaking point of the maximum number of parachains built with horizontal scalability?
* Nested Relay Chain: How can multiple Relay Chains exist connected through parachains? How many tiers of Relay Chains can be nested? How will validators work together to validate blocks on various Relay Chains? How does [XCM](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-crosschain) work in the nested setup? How is [AnV](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-availability) going to work there?


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